{"id":14739,"date":"2022-03-07T17:56:02","date_gmt":"2022-03-07T16:56:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/?p=14739"},"modified":"2024-07-18T16:03:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T14:03:40","slug":"le-plan-de-aie-pour-reduire-la-dependance-de-lue-au-gaz-naturel-russe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/le-plan-de-aie-pour-reduire-la-dependance-de-lue-au-gaz-naturel-russe\/","title":{"rendered":"Le plan de l\u2019AIE pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance de l\u2019UE au gaz naturel russe"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne pourrait \u00eatre en mesure de r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du gaz russe de 30\u202f% d\u2019ici un an gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un ensemble de mesures. Les \u00e9conomies d\u2019\u00e9nergie et la diminution du chauffage des foyers auraient un impact mod\u00e9r\u00e9.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Gazoduc\"<\/p>\n

L\u2019Agence internationale de l\u2019\u00e9nergie<\/a> a publi\u00e9 le 3 mars un plan visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne vis-\u00e0-vis du gaz naturel russe en diminuant d\u2019un tiers \u00e0 la moiti\u00e9 ses importations d\u2019ici un an.<\/p>\n

Les \u00e9conomies d\u2019\u00e9nergie r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en r\u00e9duisant le chauffage dans les foyers pourraient r\u00e9duire de 10 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes la consommation de gaz, mais cela ne repr\u00e9sente que 6\u202f% des importations annuelles de la Russie.<\/p>\n

Depuis que la Russie a envahi l\u2019Ukraine le 24 f\u00e9vrier, la plupart des puissances mondiales ont impos\u00e9 des sanctions contre Moscou. Mais l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne se sent vuln\u00e9rable en raison de sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des importations de gaz naturel, m\u00eame si l\u2019Allemagne a finalement d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019arr\u00eater le processus d\u2019ouverture du nouveau gazoduc Nord Stream 2 \u00e0 la fin du mois de f\u00e9vrier.<\/p>\n

En livrant 155 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes de gaz naturel et de gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 en 2021, la Russie repr\u00e9sentait pr\u00e8s de 40\u202f% des importations annuelles de gaz de l\u2019UE, selon l\u2019AIE. Et le gaz naturel repr\u00e9sente une part importante du mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique total de l\u2019UE (22\u202f% en 2019).<\/p>\n

Mais l\u2019agence a propos\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie d\u2019actions imm\u00e9diates qui pourraient r\u00e9duire les importations de gaz russe d\u2019un tiers en un an, tout en \u00e9tant en mesure de respecter les objectifs de r\u00e9duction de l\u2019empreinte carbone de l\u2019UE<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019AIE pr\u00e9voit \u00e9galement que des actions plus radicales pourraient m\u00eame r\u00e9duire de moiti\u00e9 les besoins en gaz russe, mais cela ralentirait les r\u00e9ductions d\u2019\u00e9missions de l\u2019UE \u00e0 court terme.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re opportunit\u00e9 est que les contrats \u00e0 long terme avec Gazprom, la compagnie gazi\u00e8re publique russe, encadrant l\u2019importation de plus de 15 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes par an, doivent expirer \u00e0 la fin de 2022. Environ 12\u202f% des livraisons de gaz de l\u2019entreprise vers l\u2019Europe en 2021 pourraient ne pas \u00eatre renouvel\u00e9es, ce qui donne la possibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019UE de profiter de la situation et de diversifier ses fournisseurs.<\/p>\n

Pour compenser les pertes avec la Russie, l\u2019UE pourrait augmenter ses importations en provenance de Norv\u00e8ge et d\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, ainsi qu\u2019augmenter sa propre production de gaz.<\/p>\n

La lutte contre les fuites de gazoducs et d\u2019ol\u00e9oducs pourrait \u00e9galement apporter 2,5 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes par an pour aider \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de l\u2019UE. Une meilleure gestion du stockage du gaz pour \u00e9viter les hausses de prix serait \u00e9galement utile.<\/p>\n

L\u2019A.I.E. propose \u00e9galement de simplifier les processus d\u2019obtention de permis de construire pour les projets \u00e9oliens et solaires afin d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer encore davantage sa capacit\u00e9 de production d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable. En revanche, il existe un \u00ab\u202fpotentiel limit\u00e9 pour augmenter\u202f\u00bb<\/em> l\u2019offre de biogaz et de biom\u00e9thane \u00e0 court terme en raison des d\u00e9lais d\u2019ex\u00e9cution des nouveaux projets, selon l\u2019agence.<\/p>\n

Pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance au gaz russe, l\u2019UE s\u2019appuierait de nouveau sur l\u2019\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire<\/a>. Quatre centrales nucl\u00e9aires<\/a> devraient fermer d\u2019ici la fin de 2022 et une autre en 2023. L\u2019agence note que le fait de retarder leur fermeture permettrait de r\u00e9duire la consommation de gaz pour l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Comme les b\u00e2timents repr\u00e9sentent 40\u202f% de l\u2019\u00e9nergie consomm\u00e9e sur le continent, les m\u00e9nages devraient \u00e9galement remplacer les chaudi\u00e8res \u00e0 gaz par des pompes \u00e0 chaleur. La Commission europ\u00e9enne a d\u00e9j\u00e0 propos\u00e9 d\u2019interdire les chaudi\u00e8res \u00e0 combustible fossile<\/a>, mais avec une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance en 2040. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des entreprises, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019isolation des b\u00e2timents non r\u00e9sidentiels permettrait d\u2019\u00e9conomiser plus d\u2019un milliard de m\u00e8tres cubes en un an.<\/p>\n

En plus de cela, les particuliers devraient r\u00e9duire leur thermostat pour \u00e9conomiser de l\u2019\u00e9nergie. La temp\u00e9rature moyenne pour le chauffage des b\u00e2timents dans l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019UE est actuellement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 22 degr\u00e9s Celsius. Mais une baisse de 1\u00b0C permettrait de r\u00e9duire la demande de gaz de quelque 10 milliards de m3 par an, a rappel\u00e9 l\u2019agence. Ce qui ne repr\u00e9sente que 6\u202f% des importations annuelles de gaz russe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne pourrait \u00eatre en mesure de r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du gaz russe de 30\u202f% d\u2019ici un an gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un ensemble de mesures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[478,451,421],"class_list":["post-14739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-allemagne","tag-russie","tag-vieux"],"yoast_head":"\nLe plan de l'AIE pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance de l'UE au gaz naturel russe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L'Union europ\u00e9enne pourrait \u00eatre en mesure de r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard du gaz russe de 30 % d'ici un an gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un ensemble de mesures.\" \/>\n<meta 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