{"id":18715,"date":"2021-06-29T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-29T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/?p=18715"},"modified":"2024-07-23T17:47:38","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T15:47:38","slug":"urine-humaine-engrais-indispensable-pour-une-agriculture-durable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/urine-humaine-engrais-indispensable-pour-une-agriculture-durable\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019urine humaine, engrais indispensable pour une agriculture durable\u202f?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Une \u00e9tude prospective publi\u00e9e dans One Earth<\/em>, une revue scientifique consacr\u00e9e aux questions environnementales, estime que l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019urine comme engrais pourrait \u00eatre essentielle pour que l\u2019Europe soit autosuffisante sur le plan alimentaire d\u2019ici 2050.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Toilettes
Toilettes avec d\u00e9tournement d\u2019urine en Allemagne (\u00e0 gauche) et en Su\u00e8de (\u00e0 droite). L\u2019urine humaine pourrait \u00eatre collect\u00e9e et trait\u00e9e pour fertiliser les plantations | L. Ulrich (2009)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u2019utilisation accrue d\u2019engrais azot\u00e9s de synth\u00e8se au cours de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XXe si\u00e8cle a entra\u00een\u00e9 une augmentation de la productivit\u00e9. Mais une utilisation excessive des engrais, qui semblent avoir atteint une limite dans les gains de rendement, entra\u00eene une pollution par l\u2019azote et nuit aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude propose ainsi trois piliers<\/a> pour pouvoir nourrir la population europ\u00e9enne en 2050, qui devrait augmenter de 12\u202f% selon le document, et \u00ab\u202f\u00e9liminer le cycle de l\u2019azote du syst\u00e8me agroalimentaire europ\u00e9en<\/em>\u202f\u00bb. Selon le plan, la solution propos\u00e9e pourrait fournir toute la nourriture n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la population de l\u2019Europe d\u2019ici 2050. De plus, elle mettrait fin \u00e0 l\u2019importation de ma\u00efs des \u00c9tats-Unis ou de soja d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Sud<\/a>, tout en permettant une r\u00e9duction de 50\u202f% de la pollution par l\u2019azote.<\/p>\n

Le nouveau syst\u00e8me agricole serait bas\u00e9 sur un r\u00e9gime alimentaire comportant moins de produits d\u2019origine animale et une meilleure utilisation des cultures<\/strong>, par exemple avec une alternance avec des l\u00e9gumineuses fixant le dioxyde d\u2019azote plut\u00f4t que de laisser les terres en jach\u00e8re. Mais la perspective de l\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire europ\u00e9enne inclut \u00e9galement un troisi\u00e8me pilier, bien moins courant : les excr\u00e9ments humains<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Traiter et utiliser l\u2019urine humaine comme engrais<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Au fil des ann\u00e9es, la sp\u00e9cialisation des cultures en fonction des sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s territoriales a conduit \u00e0 n\u00e9gliger la compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 des plantations et ses avantages. L\u2019augmentation des cheptels et la diminution des prairies permanentes ont aussi entra\u00een\u00e9 une utilisation d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9e des d\u00e9jections animales et une diss\u00e9mination excessive de l\u2019azote dans les sols et les eaux<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mais si il y avait moins d\u2019\u00e9levages, la quantit\u00e9 de fumier disponible diminuerait. Et il pourrait alors \u00eatre remplac\u00e9 par des excr\u00e9ments humains comme l\u2019urine.<\/p>\n

L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se repose en fait sur le recyclage de 70% des excr\u00e9ments humains qui contient de l\u2019azote, et notamment l\u2019urine. En effet, l\u2019urine poss\u00e8de des nutriments comme l\u2019azote, le phosphore et le potassium qui sont essentiels \u00e0 la croissance des plantes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Le recyclage de l\u2019urine pourrait potentiellement \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 comme engrais au lieu de finir dans les stations d\u2019\u00e9puration.<\/p>\n

Cette m\u00e9thode a pris son essor en Su\u00e8de dans les ann\u00e9es 1990, avec des toilettes sp\u00e9cifiques pour le traitement \u00e0 la source en \u00e9vitant que l\u2019urine ne soit m\u00e9lang\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019autres mati\u00e8res f\u00e9cales ou \u00e0 du papier. Des installations de d\u00e9tournement des urines existent \u00e9galement en Allemagne ou aux Pays-Bas. Mais ces types de toilettes, y compris les toilettes ext\u00e9rieures lors des festivals de musique qui recueillent uniquement l\u2019urine, restent encore marginaux.<\/p>\n

Fabien Esculier, chercheur fran\u00e7ais en syst\u00e8mes de gestion des eaux urbaines, a estim\u00e9 que l\u2019urine de l\u2019agglom\u00e9ration parisienne \u2013 10,8 millions de personnes \u2013 pourrait permettre de produire du bl\u00e9 pour fabriquer 25 millions de baguettes par jour<\/a>. C\u2019est 90% de la consommation quotidienne de baguettes des Fran\u00e7ais en boulangerie.<\/p>\n

Certaines entreprises, comme Toopi organics, font des essais \u00e0 plus grande \u00e9chelle. En fait, des recherches sur les traitements doivent encore \u00eatre effectu\u00e9es avant une utilisation g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e. Par exemple, les r\u00e9sidus potentiels de m\u00e9dicaments dans l\u2019urine pourraient poser probl\u00e8me pour l\u2019\u00e9pandage sur les cultures. En Europe, les syst\u00e8mes de gestion de l\u2019eau ne sont pas encore con\u00e7us pour la s\u00e9paration et le traitement de l\u2019urine humaine.<\/p>\n

De plus, outre les r\u00e9ticences de la population pour une utilisation g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e de cette technique sur leurs l\u00e9gumes et l\u00e9gumineuses, un autre obstacle se dresse devant la projection : la r\u00e9glementation europ\u00e9enne sur l\u2019agriculture biologique interdit l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019urine humaine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9couvrez plus d\u2019actualit\u00e9s sur la France<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Une \u00e9tude prospective estime que l\u2019utilisation des excr\u00e9ments humains comme engrais pourrait \u00eatre essentielle pour que l\u2019Europe soit autosuffisante sur le plan alimentaire d\u2019ici 2050<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3862,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3016],"tags":[411,428,523],"class_list":["post-18715","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement","tag-actuel","tag-france-fr","tag-monde"],"yoast_head":"\nL'urine humaine, engrais indispensable pour une agriculture durable ?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une \u00e9tude prospective estime que l'utilisation des excr\u00e9ments humains comme engrais pourrait \u00eatre essentielle pour que l'Europe soit autosuffisante sur le plan alimentaire d'ici 2050\" 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