{"id":18897,"date":"2021-10-05T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-05T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/?p=18897"},"modified":"2022-11-11T13:20:56","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T12:20:56","slug":"une-simulation-informatique-explique-la-rupture-du-barrage-de-brumadinho-au-bresil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/une-simulation-informatique-explique-la-rupture-du-barrage-de-brumadinho-au-bresil\/","title":{"rendered":"Une simulation informatique explique la rupture du barrage de Brumadinho au Br\u00e9sil"},"content":{"rendered":"

Une nouvelle \u00e9tude explique la cause potentielle de la catastrophe du barrage de Brumadinho en 2019 et accuse un forage survenu peu avant la rupture. Mais pour l\u2019entreprise Vale, cela atteste d\u2019un \u00ab\u202fconcours de circonstances particuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9favorable<\/em>\u202f\u00bb.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Image
La rupture du barrage a cr\u00e9\u00e9 une coul\u00e9e de boue qui a absorb\u00e9 les bureaux et la caf\u00e9t\u00e9ria de la mine, et d\u00e9truit un village situ\u00e9 \u00e0 proximit\u00e9. Elle a \u00e9galement d\u00e9vers\u00e9 12 millions de tonnes de r\u00e9sidus miniers dans la rivi\u00e8re. | \u00a9 Gouvernement br\u00e9silien<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La rupture du barrage retenant des r\u00e9sidus de minerai de fer \u00e0 Brumadinho avait entra\u00een\u00e9 la mort de 259 personnes \u2013 11 autres sont toujours port\u00e9es disparues \u2013 et une catastrophe environnementale au Br\u00e9sil.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 sa demande, le minist\u00e8re public f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> a re\u00e7u les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e par l\u2019International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), un organisme de recherche faisant partie de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 technique de Catalogne.<\/p>\n

Le rapport confirme que la rupture du barrage \u00e9tait due \u00e0 la liqu\u00e9faction du sol<\/strong>. \u00ab\u202fIl est incontestable que la rupture du barrage num\u00e9ro I a impliqu\u00e9 le m\u00e9canisme de liqu\u00e9faction des sols<\/em>\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le rapport conforte une conclusion ant\u00e9rieure de la police f\u00e9d\u00e9rale et contredit la version du groupe minier Vale, qui estime que les pluies intenses des jours pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents avaient provoqu\u00e9 l\u2019effondrement du barrage.<\/p>\n

La liqu\u00e9faction se produit lorsque le sol, satur\u00e9 d\u2019eau, perd sa r\u00e9sistance et se comporte alors comme un fluide. Cet effet peut \u00eatre provoqu\u00e9 par des secousses sismiques, entra\u00eenant une coul\u00e9e de boue et l\u2019effondrement de b\u00e2timents.<\/p>\n

Le CIMNE a analys\u00e9 plusieurs simulations effectu\u00e9es en incluant l\u2019historique de la construction du barrage<\/a>, son mouvement dans les ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant la rupture ou les pr\u00e9cipitations des 40 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Le rapport souligne que \u00ab\u202fla plupart des r\u00e9sidus du barrage \u00e9taient duveteux, contractiles, satur\u00e9s et mal drain\u00e9s et donc tr\u00e8s sensibles \u00e0 la liqu\u00e9faction<\/em>\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Une liqu\u00e9faction contenue du barrage un an auparavant<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Pour l\u2019universit\u00e9, un forage qui avait d\u00e9marr\u00e9 cinq jours avant la trag\u00e9die<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 le potentiel d\u00e9clencheur. Dans leur \u00e9tude, \u00ab\u202fles caract\u00e9ristiques de la rupture et le sch\u00e9ma des mouvements sont coh\u00e9rents avec les observations visuelles<\/em>\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les simulations de forage \u00e0 d\u2019autres endroits n\u2019ont en revanche pas abouti \u00e0 l\u2019effondrement de l\u2019infrastructure.<\/p>\n

En effet, le profil du sol \u00e0 l\u2019endroit du forage \u00e9tait \u00ab\u202fparticuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9favorable<\/em>\u202f\u00bb, provoquant une surpression d\u2019eau sous le barrage. Le forage \u00e9tait destin\u00e9 \u00e0 installer un autre pi\u00e9zom\u00e8tre, un dispositif utilis\u00e9 pour mesurer la pression des liquides dans le sol.<\/p>\n

En fait, les risques de liqu\u00e9faction n\u2019\u00e9taient pas nouveaux. Un an avant la catastrophe, un autre forage avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 pour installer des drains et des pi\u00e9zom\u00e8tres. Un incident majeur a entra\u00een\u00e9 des fuites de boue visibles en divers points du barrage, ce qui, pour l\u2019universit\u00e9, a provoqu\u00e9 une liqu\u00e9faction mod\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/strong> selon les enregistrements des graphiques sismiques.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude a \u00e9galement exclu les activit\u00e9s sismiques ou mini\u00e8res comme d\u00e9clencheurs potentiels de la catastrophe.<\/p>\n

De plus, elle a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la lente d\u00e9formation du barrage et une augmentation de la quantit\u00e9 de pr\u00e9cipitations n\u2019auraient pas rendu le barrage instable pendant encore 100 ans.<\/p>\n

Plus t\u00f4t en f\u00e9vrier, l\u2019enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e par la police f\u00e9d\u00e9rale avait r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019un forage inappropri\u00e9 avait provoqu\u00e9 la rupture du barrage<\/strong>. Elle avait conclu que l\u2019entreprise Vale aurait d\u00fb attendre de recevoir les r\u00e9sultats techniques avant de proc\u00e9der au forage.<\/p>\n

Pour Vale, comme le rapporte R7<\/em><\/a>, l\u2019\u00e9tude montre qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait \u00ab\u202faucune indication pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 la rupture de la structure, qui s\u2019est produite de mani\u00e8re soudaine<\/em>\u202f\u00bb, et qu\u2019elle \u00ab\u202fatteste qu\u2019il y a eu un concours de circonstances particuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9favorable<\/em>\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

En f\u00e9vrier, Vale a accept\u00e9 de verser 7 milliards de dollars \u00e0 titre de compensation<\/a> pour la catastrophe. Seize personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inculp\u00e9es pour l\u2019homicide de 270 personnes et pour crimes environnementaux. Cinq personnes n\u2019ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Vale avait \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 impliqu\u00e9e dans la catastrophe li\u00e9e \u00e0 un autre barrage en 2015 au Br\u00e9sil.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9couvrez plus d\u2019actualit\u00e9s sur le Br\u00e9sil<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Une nouvelle \u00e9tude explique la cause potentielle de la catastrophe du barrage de Brumadinho en 2019 et accuse un forage survenu peu avant la rupture<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3016],"tags":[411,455],"class_list":["post-18897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement","tag-actuel","tag-bresil"],"yoast_head":"\nUne simulation informatique explique la rupture du barrage de Brumadinho au Br\u00e9sil<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une nouvelle \u00e9tude explique la cause potentielle de la catastrophe du barrage de Brumadinho en 2019 et accuse un forage survenu peu avant la rupture\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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