{"id":32887,"date":"2023-10-29T01:02:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-28T23:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/?p=32887"},"modified":"2025-05-06T18:31:14","modified_gmt":"2025-05-06T16:31:14","slug":"des-chimpanzes-femelles-menopausees-qui-soulevent-des-questions-sur-levolution-et-la-place-des-humains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/des-chimpanzes-femelles-menopausees-qui-soulevent-des-questions-sur-levolution-et-la-place-des-humains\/","title":{"rendered":"Des chimpanz\u00e9s femelles m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es qui soul\u00e8vent des questions sur leur \u00e9volution et celle des humains"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e pendant 21 ans sur des chimpanz\u00e9s a montr\u00e9 que les femelles devenaient m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es, une caract\u00e9ristique peu commune chez les mammif\u00e8res qui soul\u00e8ve des questions sur l\u2019\u00e9volution des chimpanz\u00e9s et, par extension, des humains.<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_32896\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-32896\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32896 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-1024x343.webp\" alt=\"Trois femelles chimpanz\u00e9s m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es\" width=\"1024\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-1024x343.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-300x100.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-768x257.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-1536x514.webp 1536w, https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/post-reproductive-female-chimpanzees-2048x686.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-32896\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trois femelles chimpanz\u00e9s m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es. De gauche \u00e0 droite, MARL (morte \u00e0 69 ans), MAR (morte \u00e0 64 ans) et Sutherland (encore en vie \u00e0 61 ans) | \u00a9 David P. Watts, Kevin E. Langergraber, Kevin&nbsp;Lee<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.add5473\">\u00e9tude anthropologique publi\u00e9e<\/a> le 27 octobre par une \u00e9quipe de primatologues pr\u00e9sente des r\u00e9sultats int\u00e9ressants et des questions encore plus int\u00e9ressantes pour l\u2019humanit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Une population de chimpanz\u00e9s en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/etiquette\/ouganda\/\">Ouganda<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e sur une p\u00e9riode de 21 ans et s\u2019est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e syst\u00e9matiquement m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9e. Les 185 femelles chimpanz\u00e9s observ\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentaient des sch\u00e9mas hormonaux et de fertilit\u00e9 similaires \u00e0 ceux des femmes, leur capacit\u00e9 de reproduction s\u2019arr\u00eatant vers l\u2019\u00e2ge de 50&nbsp;ans.<\/p>\n<p>Il \u00e9tait jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/bank-of-ireland-donne-acces-a-10-jours-de-conges-payes-aux-employees-souffrant-de-la-menopause\/\">m\u00e9nopause<\/a> n\u2019\u00e9tait qu\u2019une sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 des \u00eatres humains et de certaines esp\u00e8ces de baleines.<\/p>\n<p>Il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une caract\u00e9ristique commune aux chimpanz\u00e9s ou \u00e0 de nombreux mammif\u00e8res, ce qui soul\u00e8ve la question de savoir pourquoi cette caract\u00e9ristique a \u00e9volu\u00e9 au sein de cette population de chimpanz\u00e9s et, par extension, au sein de l\u2019humanit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Selon une th\u00e9orie, cette condition n\u2019\u00e9tait pr\u00e9sente que parce que ces chimpanz\u00e9s vivaient dans des conditions \u00e9cologiques \u00ab\u202f<em>exceptionnellement b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques<\/em>\u202f\u00bb, avec un faible taux de pr\u00e9dation et une abondance de ressources naturelles. Dans ces conditions, il pourrait \u00eatre utile d\u2019avoir une figure maternelle d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de capacit\u00e9 de reproduction pour aider \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le taux de natalit\u00e9 des jeunes femelles en \u00e2ge de procr\u00e9er et le taux de survie des enfants.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, la pr\u00e9sence de femelles \u00e2g\u00e9es dites non-reproductives augmente les chances que les jeunes femelles transmettent leurs g\u00e8nes, en raison de la diminution de la concurrence pour la reproduction. C\u2019est ce que l\u2019on appelle \u00ab\u202fl\u2019hypoth\u00e8se du conflit reproductif\u202f\u00bb, qui explique l\u2019avantages de l\u2019existence de femelles m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es&nbsp;: une r\u00e9duction de la comp\u00e9tition pour la transmission des g\u00e8nes des jeunes chimpanz\u00e9s. Ainsi, la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de la population serait plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e et davantage de membres pourront se reproduire entre&nbsp;eux.<\/p>\n<p>Pour expliquer pourquoi d\u2019autres populations de chimpanz\u00e9s ne sont pas m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es, les scientifiques sugg\u00e8rent que les impacts n\u00e9gatifs caus\u00e9s par l\u2019homme dans certaines populations de chimpanz\u00e9s pourraient avoir cr\u00e9\u00e9 le besoin d\u2019une reproduction plus constante. Le manque de ressources de base d\u00fb \u00e0 l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsendip.com\/fr\/en-ouganda-du-charbon-de-bois-saisi-de-commerce-illegal-distribue-aux-ecoles-plutot-que-vendu-aux-encheres\/\">exploitation foresti\u00e8re et \u00e0 la d\u00e9forestation<\/a> a cr\u00e9\u00e9 des conditions plus difficiles pour plusieurs populations de chimpanz\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, la th\u00e9orie de la \u00ab\u202fgrand-m\u00e8re\u202f\u00bb est probl\u00e9matique car les femelles non reproductrices de cette population n\u2019ont pas montr\u00e9 qu\u2019elles aidaient les femelles plus jeunes \u00e0 mettre au monde des enfants. En fait, elles vivaient isol\u00e9es de leur tribu de mani\u00e8re tout \u00e0 fait normale.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9tude n\u2019exclut pas cette th\u00e9orie ni celle du conflit reproductif, mais aucune ne peut \u00eatre confirm\u00e9e statistiquement.<\/p>\n<p>Il n\u2019en reste pas moins que la plupart des chimpanz\u00e9s et des mammif\u00e8res ne pr\u00e9sentent pas cette caract\u00e9ristique \u00e9volutive de la m\u00e9nopause et que, pour des raisons inconnues, elle a surv\u00e9cu dans les codes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques des \u00eatres humains et d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n<p>Sur la base de ces informations, l\u2019\u00e9tude indique que le caract\u00e8re m\u00e9nopausique pourrait provenir d\u2019un anc\u00eatre commun plus r\u00e9cent de cette population.<\/p>\n<p>Il pourrait s\u2019agir d\u2019un anc\u00eatre dont les femelles se dispersaient entre diff\u00e9rents groupes pour trouver des partenaires, alors que chez les mammif\u00e8res, ce sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les m\u00e2les qui se dispersent pour trouver des partenaires. Cela pourrait \u00e9galement expliquer pourquoi il serait b\u00e9n\u00e9fique de r\u00e9duire la concurrence, afin que davantage de femelles puissent transmettre leurs g\u00e8nes \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents groupes.<\/p>\n<p>En fin de compte, l\u2019\u00e9tude soul\u00e8ve surtout la question de l\u2019impact de l\u2019homme&nbsp;: \u00ab\u202f<em>En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, bien que l\u2019\u00e9volution de la m\u00e9nopause et d\u2019une dur\u00e9e de vie post-reproductive substantielle ne soit pas claire, nos r\u00e9sultats montrent que ces caract\u00e9ristiques peuvent \u00e9merger dans une population de chimpanz\u00e9s ayant subi un faible niveau d\u2019impact humain\u202f\u00bb<\/em>, indique l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e pendant 21 ans sur des chimpanz\u00e9s a montr\u00e9 que les femelles devenaient m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es, une caract\u00e9ristique peu commune chez les mammif\u00e8res qui soul\u00e8ve des questions sur l\u2019\u00e9volution des chimpanz\u00e9s et, par extension, des humains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":226,"featured_media":32898,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[412],"tags":[1593,1334],"class_list":["post-32887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciences-et-sante","tag-ouganda","tag-nouveau"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.5 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Des chimpanz\u00e9s femelles m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es qui soul\u00e8vent des questions sur leur \u00e9volution et celle des humains<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e pendant 21 ans sur des chimpanz\u00e9s a montr\u00e9 que les femelles devenaient m\u00e9nopaus\u00e9es, une 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